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Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

Wei WANG, Yuxiang LUO, Wei QIAO,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 102-107 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0001-z

摘要： In China, over 1.43×10 tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.

关键词： sewage sludge disposal water content thermal drying hydrothermal conditioning

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Improvement of sludge dewaterability with modified cinder via affecting EPS

Weichao Ma, Lei Zhao, Huiling Liu, Qianliang Liu, Jun Ma

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0967-x

摘要： The relationship between the improvement of sludge dewaterability and variation of organic matters has been studied in the process of sludge pre-conditioning with modified cinder, especially for extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the sludge. During the conditioning process, the decreases of total organic carbon (TOC) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were obviously in the supernatant especially for the acid modified cinder (ACMC), which could be attributed to the processes of adsorption and sweeping. The reduction of polysaccharide and protein in supernatant indicated that ACMC might adsorb EPS so that the tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) decreased in sludge. In the case of ACMC addition with 24 g·L , SRF of the sludge decreased from 7.85 × 1012 m·kg to 2.06 × 1012 m·kg , and the ﬁlter cake moisture decreased from 85% to 60%. The reconstruction of “floc mass” was confirmed as the main sludge conditioning mechanism. ACMC promoted the dewatering performance through the charge neutralization and adsorption bridging with the negative EPS, and provided firm and dense structure for sludge floc as skeleton builder. The passages for water quick transmitting were built to avoid collapsing during the high-pressure process.

关键词： Sludge conditioning Acid or alkali modified cinder TB-EPS Floc mass Floc reconstruction

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Upgrading VFAs bioproduction from waste activated sludge via co-fermentation with soy sauce residue

Yanqing Duan, Aijuan Zhou, Kaili Wen, Zhihong Liu, Wenzong Liu, Aijie Wang, Xiuping Yue

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1086-7

摘要：

SSR addition upgraded VFAs production from WAS.

Structure modification by pretreatments led to performance distinctions.

Distinctions in microbial community was observed by pretreatments selection.

Up to 0.49‒0.65 billion €/year of market value potential was preliminary estimated.

关键词： Waste activated sludge (WAS) Soy sauce residue (SSR) Sludge conditioning Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) Microbial diversity

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Investigation on regeneration and energy storage characteristics of a solar liquid desiccant air-conditioning

SHI Mingheng, DU Bin, ZHAO Yun

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 85-90 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0008-8

摘要： Solar liquid desiccant air-conditioner is a new air-conditioning system in which liquid desiccant can be regenerated by solar energy and energy can be stored in the form of chemical energy in the liquid desiccant. In this paper regeneration and energy storage characteristics were studied theoretically and experimentally. Two criterion equations for heat and mass transfer in the regeneration process were obtained. The main factors that influence the regeneration process were analyzed. A principal solar liquid desiccant air-conditioning system under energy storage operating mode is proposed.

关键词： desiccant air-conditioning regeneration process air-conditioning system energy regeneration

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New developments in mobile air conditioning systems in China

Jiangping CHEN, Yu ZHAO, Zhaogang QI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 53-58 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0137-3

摘要： Global warming poses serious global concerns, and the mobile air conditioning (MAC) industry must be promoted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, the development of the MAC system and components for new energy vehicles, low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, methods to control refrigerant leakage, and new energy-saving technologies in China are introduced.

关键词： global warming potential mobile air conditioning (MAC) energy saving new developments

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Experimental investigation on desiccant air-conditioning system in India

Vijay MITTAL, B. Kant KHAN,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 161-165 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0070-5

摘要： An experimental investigation in India was presented to evaluate the performance and energy saving capacity of a desiccant air-conditioning system composed of a silica gel bed, a split type air-conditioner (1.0 ton refrigeration) installed in a room with a volume of 86.4 m, air ducts and a blower. The experiment was made in such a way that the percentages of return air, outdoor air and indoor air mixed with the air leaving the desiccant and desiccant bed thickness could be adjusted. Tests were conducted on several days with relatively similar ambient conditions. Under the test conditions in this experiment, a 7cm bed thickness is recommended with a maximum adsorption rate of 403g/h. The optimum percentages of air ratios were as follows: 10% of outdoor air, 10% of return air (mixed together at the desiccant bed inlet) and 80% of indoor air mixed with the dry air leaving the desiccant. The corresponding electricity saving was about 19%. As expected, simple economic analysis indicates that the desiccant air-conditioning is not viable for smaller cooling capacities.

关键词： air ratios ambient conditions desiccant air-conditioning silica gel

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Interactions between remote ischemic conditioning and post-stroke sleep regulation

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期页码 867-876 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0887-9

摘要： Sleep disturbances are common in patients with stroke, and sleep quality has a critical role in the onset and outcome of stroke. Poor sleep exacerbates neurological injury, impedes nerve regeneration, and elicits serious complications. Thus, exploring a therapy suitable for patients with stroke and sleep disturbances is imperative. As a multi-targeted nonpharmacological intervention, remote ischemic conditioning can reduce the ischemic size of the brain, improve the functional outcome of stroke, and increase sleep duration. Preclinical/clinical evidence showed that this method can inhibit the inflammatory response, mediate the signal transductions of adenosine, activate the efferents of the vagal nerve, and reset the circadian clocks, all of which are involved in sleep regulation. In particular, cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and adenosine are sleep factors, and electrical vagal nerve stimulation can improve insomnia. On the basis of the common mechanisms of remote ischemic conditioning and sleep regulation, a causal relationship was proposed between remote ischemic conditioning and post-stroke sleep quality.

关键词： remote ischemic conditioning sleep regulation stroke

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Research progress in liquid desiccant air-conditioning devices and systems

Xiaohua LIU, Yi JIANG, Shuanqiang LIU, Xiaoyang CHEN,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 55-65 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0082-1

摘要： The developments on liquid desiccant air-conditioning systems were illustrated and summarized in this paper. In order to obtain a better dehumidification (or humidification) performance, liquid desiccant should be cooled (or heated) rather than air. Two fundamental modules were proposed, including basic spray module with extra heat exchanger and total heat recovery device, which could be combined to set up various kinds of liquid desiccant air processors. The operating principle of heat pump-driven outdoor air processor as well as heat-driven outdoor air processor was analyzed. The COP of the heat pump (or power)-driven outdoor air processor could be as high as 5.0 both in summer and in winter operating conditions. The COP of the hot water-driven processor (65°C–80°C) was 1.19 and 0.93, respectively, using evaporative indoor exhaust air or cooling water to cool the dehumidification process. The liquid desiccant air processor-based temperature and humidity-independent control air-conditioning system could save 20%–30% operating energy compared with the conventional air-conditioning system.

关键词： liquid desiccant heat and mass transfer performance air-conditioning

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Engine-driven hybrid air-conditioning system

Chaokui QIN , Hongmei LU , Xiong LIU , Gerhard SCHMITZ ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 109-116 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0003-3

摘要： A hybrid air-conditioning system that combines an engine-driven chiller with desiccant dehumidification was configured and experimentally tested to provide reliable data for energy consumption and operation cost. The engine performance and the desiccant wheel performance were measured and a numeric model previously set up for dehumidification capacity prediction was validated. For a reference building, the results based upon measured data show that under present electricity/gas price ratio, more than 40% of operation cost can be saved by the hybrid system.

关键词： engine-driven chiller desiccant wheel hybrid air-conditioning system energy consumption

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concept of capillary active, dynamic insulation integrated with heating, cooling and ventilation, air conditioning

Mark BOMBERG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 431-437 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0071-9

摘要： When a historic fa?ade needs to be preserved or when the seismic considerations favor use of a concrete wall system and fire considerations limit exterior thermal insulation, one needs to use interior thermal insulation systems. Interior thermal insulation systems are less effective than the exterior systems and will not reduce the effect of thermal bridges. Yet they may be successfully used and, in many instances, are recommended as a complement to the exterior insulation. This paper presents one of these cases. It is focused on the most successful applications of capillary active, dynamic interior thermal insulation. This happens when such insulation is integrated with heating, cooling and ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) system. Starting with a pioneering work of the Technical University in Dresden in development of capillary active interior insulations, we propose a next generation, namely, a bio-fiber thermal insulation. When completing the review, this paper proposes a concept of a joint research project to be undertaken by partners from the US (where improvement of indoor climate in exposed coastal areas is needed), China (indoor climate in non-air conditioned concrete buildings is an issue), and Germany (where the bio-fiber technology has been developed).

关键词： capillary active insulation integrated heating cooling and ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) and building enclosure dynamic insulation switchable thermal resistance variable U-value walls

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Comparison between inhibitor and uncoupler for minimizing excess sludge production of an activated sludge

CHEN Guowei, XI Pengge, XU Deqian, YU Hanqing

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 63-66 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0012-6

摘要： In order to study the minimization of excess sludge production, the reduction in the excess sludge production in the presence of an inhibitor and uncoupler was studied in this work. The experimental results show that such an addition could effectively reduce the production of excess sludge. With the energy uncoupling model established in this work, energy uncoupling coefficient () was used to evaluate the reduction in excess sludge production. The energy uncoupling coefficients in the presence of dinitrophenol (dNP), Zn, and Cu was 0.75, 0.46, and 0.18, respectively. The analysis demonstrated that energy spilling occurred in the presence of dNP, and that dNP was an effective uncoupler for reducing the production of excess activated sludge without affecting the microbial respiration activity.

关键词： uncoupling coefficient Cu minimization presence uncoupling

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Experimental investigation on oil-gas separator of air-conditioning systems

Dianbo XIN,Shuliang HUANG,Song YIN,Yuping DENG,Wenqiang ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 411-416 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0447-9

摘要： The oil-return system plays an important role in the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems because it ensures the reliable operation of the VRF systems. The oil-gas separator is the most essential component of the oil-return system, and the separation efficiency of the separator directly influences the performance of the VRF systems. Therefore, in this paper, a test rig was built to measure the oil discharge ratio of the compressor and the separation efficiency of the oil-gas separator. A sound velocity transducer was used to measure the oil mass concentration instantaneously, because the sound velocity was changed with the mass ratio of oil to refrigerant. The separation efficiency of the separator could be obtained by comparing the mass fraction of oil to refrigerant before and after the separator was connected to the system.

关键词： variable refrigerant flow system oil-gas separator separation efficiency

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心肌远程调节及其临床相关性：现在一起来！ Review

Kristin Luther,Yang Song,Yang Wang,Xiaoping Ren,W. Keith Jones

《工程（英文）》 2015年第1卷第4期页码 490-499 doi: 10.15302/J-ENG-2015117

摘要：

急性心肌梗死(AMI) 是世界上致死和致残的主要病因。及时再灌注法是AMI的标准疗法，能够缩小梗死面积，提高患者存活率和改善预后。然而，25 %的患者在患心肌梗死(Ml) 后会进一步发展成为心力衰竭(HF)，且其中50%的患者会在5年内死亡。由于梗死面积是预断病人病情( 包括HF的形成) 的主要指标，因此，改善心肌的治疗方法具有极大的应用前景。在过去30年中，研究者已发现多种能够刺激内源性心肌保护通道的刺激物，这些刺激物能在缺血预适应(IPC)和缺血后适应以及心肌缺血情况下启动保护机制。当在心肌缺血发生前、发生期间或发生后即刻使用刺激物，在远离心脏的血管床中发生的短暂、可逆性局部缺血就会即刻引发心肌保护机制——这种现象被分别称为远程缺血预适应，远程缺血期适应和远程缺血后适应。尽管目前的研究尚未完全阐明远程缺血预适应(RIPC) 的作用机制，但RIPC与IPC在机制上有很多共同之处。RIPC的发现使研究转向了远程非缺血刺激的应用，包括神经刺激( 脊髓刺激和迷走神经刺激) 以及电针(EA)。笔者与其他研究人员发现并阐述了非缺血现象的机制，并将其定义为远程创伤预适应(RPCT)。通过刺激皮肤感觉神经来启动RPCT，这与穴位处神经刺激和EA既有相似性又有一定差异性。笔者在此次研究中还发现，可通过采用腹中线电刺激(与EA疗法相似) 来模拟RPCT，而且作为预适应刺激和后适应刺激( 在应用再灌注法时)，这种激活心肌保护机制的模式是非常有效的。通过对这些心肌保护现象的研究，学术界对心肌保护机制形成了一种全面且综合的理解，而且在过去的5~10 年期间, 这种理解变得逐渐清晰，即无论是缺血性刺激诱导还是非缺血性刺激诱导，其机制均相似。通过对文献中多种数据的综合考虑，我们认为所有的这些心肌保护“适应”现象均表示心肌保护机制的启动是从心肌适应网(含有特定介质和心肌细胞生存感受器) 的不同切入点进行的，该切入点包括NF-κB、Stat3/5、蛋白激酶C、舒缓激肽和mitoK_ATP 通道。神经系统传导通路可能代表了一种激活心脏和其他器官适应的新机制。研究表明，由于IPC和RIPC存在一定风险并且无法应用于某些患者，所以它们很难被转化为临床应用。因此，近期又新兴了一种神经刺激和痛感刺激的应用，这是一种激活心肌适应的潜在的非缺血性无创方法。作为引起心脏保护作用众多方法之一的后适应重点强调了临床相关性，这种临床相关性有助于在现有成熟的药物与电子疗法中加速新的治疗方向的突破。

关键词：远程心肌保护心肌适应非缺血性适应末端疼痛性刺激神经和分子机制临床可行性电子疗法

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Co-pyrolysis of sludge and kaolin/zeolite in a rotary kiln: Analysis of stabilizing heavy metals

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第7期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1488-1

摘要：

• Adding kaolin/zeolite promotes the formation of stable heavy metals.

关键词： Co-pyrolysis Sewage sludge Heavy metals Rotary kiln Immobilization mechanism

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Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge in a conventional, continuous flow, completely mixed activatedsludge system

Xi CHEN,Linjiang YUAN,Wenjuan LU,Yuyou LI,Pei LIU,Kun NIE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 324-333 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0627-3

摘要： Aerobic granules were formed in a conventional, continuous flow, completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS). The reactor was inoculated with seed sludge containing few filaments and fed with synthetic municipal wastewater. The settling time of the sludge and the average dissolved oxygen (DO) of the reactor were 2 h and 4.2 mg·L , respectively. The reactor was agitated by a stirrer, with a speed of 250 r·min , to ensure good mixing．The granular sludge had good settleability, and the sludge volume index (SVI) was between 50 and 90 mL·g . The laser particle analyzer showed the diameter of the granules to be between 0.18 and 1.25 mm. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation revealed the predominance of sphere-like and rod-like bacteria, and only few filaments grew in the granules. The microbial community structure of the granules was also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Sequencing analysis indicated the dominant species were α, β, and γ- , , and . The data from the study suggested that aerobic granules could form, if provided with sufficient number of filaments and high shear force. It was also observed that a high height-to-diameter ratio of the reactor and short settling time were not essential for the formation of aerobic granular sludge.

关键词： aerobic granular sludge completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS) continuous flow shear force filamentous bacteria polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE)